Comparison of the cytotoxic impact of samsum ant venom (Brachyponera sennaarensis) administration routes on quantitative histological analysis of thymus

Samsum ( Brachyponera sennaarensis ) ant venom contains several peptides that have an aggressive impact on the architecture of the internal organs including the thymus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of venom with various doses as a toxin insult by examining the histological alterations and measurable biochemical parameters in the thymus. Forty Wistar albino rats separated into seven groups were used. Data demonstrated statistically significant hyperplasia in the cellular density, shrinkage in cortical thickness, and medullary area in the venom- intraperitoneally treated group compared to the − orally treated group. Additionally, there was a prominent increase in apoptotic cells TGB, the density of lesions, and hemorrhagic cysts effects of the venom on thymic cells. There was a notable higher intensity of pathological features in the thymus. Results validated the role of SAV in the general thymic atrophy in the histological structure of thymus tissues and acted as a carcinogenic agent. The structural analysis of the thymus revealed that a larger dosage of SAV produced a thymoma in the histoarchitecture. The differences between the low dose of SAV-treated groups orally and (IP) were not statistically significant in some analyses. In terms of the thymus tissue’s structure, the administration of a high dose of (450 µl) intraperitoneally had the worst impact on the health of the thymus.