Arsenic K-edge and Thallium L3-edge XANES, with XFM imaging and LA-ICP-MS to determine oxidation states and distribution in sphalerite

XANES, XFM imaging and LA-ICP-MS were employed to reveal the localisation of elements and the oxidation states of As and Tl in highly banded MVT sphalerite from Wiesloch, Germany. Arsenic K -edge and Tl L3 -edge XANES spectra were retrieved, and results were compared to reference standards that represented different oxidation states. Fingerprinting analyses indicated As 3+ and Tl + in the Wiesloch sphalerite. Substitution mechanisms are provided that include the coupled incorporation of As and Tl in sphalerite, and a two-step series of reactions that creates and consumes vacant cation sites to better accommodate the larger size of Tl + in tetrahedral coordination. XANES spectra also revealed a different edge position for As in Porgera (Papua New Guinea) pyrite and XFM imaging showed As localised entirely in the pyrite, rather than the adjacent sphalerite. A pH sensitive measure of redox in sphalerite-pyrite coprecipitated mineral assemblages is therefore suggested. • XANES spectra reveal As 3+ and Tl + in MVT sphalerite from Wiesloch, Germany. • A coupled substitution mechanism can explain the joint incorporation: Tl + + As 3+ ← → 2Zn 2+ . • Substitution chains are also presented, which create and consume vacant cation sites. • Sphalerite-pyrite coprecipitated assemblages may provide a measure of redox.