Fractional gradient optimized explainable convolutional neural network for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis

Alzheimer's is one of the brain syndromes that steadily affects the brain memory. The early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is referred to as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and the growth of Alzheimer's is not certain in patients with MCI. The premature detection of Alzheimer's is crucial for maintaining healthy brain function and avoiding memory loss. Different multi-neural network architectures have been proposed by researchers for efficient and accurate AD detection. The absence of improved feature extraction mechanisms and unexplored efficient optimizers in complex benchmark architectures lead to an inefficient and inaccurate AD classification. Moreover, the standard convolutional neural network (CNN)-based architectures for Alzheimer's diagnosis lack interpretability in their predictions. An interpretable, simplified, yet effective deep learning model is required for the accurate classification of AD. In this study, a generalized fractional order-based CNN classifier with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) capabilities is proposed for accurate, efficient, and interpretable classification of AD diagnosis. The proposed study (a) classifies AD accurately by incorporating unexplored pooling technique with enhanced feature extraction mechanism, (b) provides fractional order-based optimization approach for adaptive learning and fast convergence speed, and (c) suggests an interpretable method for proving the transparency of the model. The proposed model outperforms complex benchmark architectures with regard to accuracy using standard ADNI dataset. The proposed fractional order-based CNN classifier achieves an improved accuracy of 99 % as compared to the state-of-the-art models.