THE IMPORTANCE OF TRIBAL AFFILIATION AMONG KAZAKHS IN MODERN-DAY KAZAKHSTAN

There is a growing interest among many contemporary Kazakhs in delving into their historical past, particularly in exploring their ancestors and lineage. However, there is no consensus among experts regarding the relevance of this knowledge in today's context. There are three viewpoints that can be identified on this issue. The first one is that some argue that such knowledge carries a positive charge and can contribute to the revitalization of national identity. The second viewpoint belongs to those who contend that these ancestral connections lack practical significance and are primarily symbolic. The third viewpoint asserts that there is concern that tribal divisions could potentially lead to internal discord among Kazakhs. For ordinary citizens, particularly among the Kazakh population, this knowledge serves as a foundation for self-identification and a deeper comprehension of current realities, primarily within an ideological or value-based area. Nevertheless, there is potential for this knowledge to evolve into social capital in the future. In this context, the presence or absence of such knowledge could serve as a basis for value differentiation among Kazakhs. Moreover, the predominant focus on men in constructing Kazakh genealogy today is generating some discontent of Kazakh women, especially of the younger generation, and might contribute to widening gender disparities among Kazakhs in terms of core values. Nevertheless, the revival of historical memory in the current phase of the country's development is a natural progression of social evolution, while the resolution of emerging contradictions is already in progress through collective contemplation, particularly regarding the emerging practice of tracing female lineage among Kazakhs through the maternal line.