Status report on innovations and applications of smart bio-systems for real-time monitoring of food quality

• Smart bio-systems enhance food quality monitoring with cutting-edge technologies. • The review focuses on biosensors, smart packaging, and digital integration in food safety. • Key innovations include enzymatic, immuno, and DNA-based sensors, and advanced biopolymers • Case studies show improvements in detecting contamination, chemical residues, and freshness. • Challenges remain in sensitivity, integration, compliance, and cost. Smart bio-systems represent a significant advancement in food quality monitoring by utilizing cutting-edge technologies to enhance safety, precision, and efficiency compared to conventional methods. This literature review highlights the current state of evidence related to smart bio-systems. It focuses on the integration of biosensors, smart packaging, and digital technologies in the food quality assessment process. We examine key innovations such as enzymatic biosensors, immunosensors, and DNA-based sensors, as well as advancements in biopolymers and smart packaging materials. The review also emphasizes practical applications and real-world case studies, illustrating how these technologies improve microbial contamination detection, chemical contaminant monitoring, and nutrient and freshness evaluation. Despite their potential, smart bio-systems face challenges related to sensitivity, integration, regulatory compliance, and cost. However, the benefits of these technologies, such as increased food safety, consumer trust, and sustainable practices, outweigh the limitations. Future perspectives suggest continued advancements in sensor technology, broader applications across the food industry, and greater integration with digital tools such as AI and IoT for enhanced efficiency.