Lower gastrointestinal signs and symptoms: assessment, investigations, diagnosis and management strategies

This clinical review focuses on the most common presentations of lower gastrointestinal (GI) signs and symptoms, exploring their prevalence, aetiology, clinical presentation, and the importance of thorough history-taking and examination. In addition, it discusses the investigations and management plans. This paper builds upon existing studies that focused on the presentations of upper GI signs, symptoms and management plans.