Demon or Buddha: Ryōgen and His Image in The Setsuwa Tales of “Kojidan”

In the paper biography of Ryōgen, a prominent Japanese monk of the 10th cen­tury and Tendai zasu, is considered, as well as his contribution in the develop­ment of Tendai school is briefly discussed. Also, the analysis of Ryōgen’s achievements and vices as the authors of setsuwa tales’ compilations saw them is presented, based mainly on the “Tales About Old Matters” (“Kojidan”, early 13th century) by Minamoto no Akikane. Akikane chose for the chapter about monks three stories in which Ryōgen plays a significant role. The author creates an image of zasu as a superhuman being, dragon, who was born in the human world and became the head of Tendai school for the benefit of others only. In the literature of Akikane’s and slightly latter time there were examples of completely opposite views on Ryōgen’s nature and his deeds too. Such differ­ence in understanding of the zasu image in Japanese culture is accounted for the facts of his biography. With the lack of advantage of being highborn or rich, he overcame many obstacles and climbed on the very top of monastic hierarchy, particularly due to his exceptional eloquence, knowledge of Buddhist texts and ability to make connections with lay aristocracy. He was criticized for the latter, but in fact he successfully took Tendai school out of stagnation and led it to prosperity. He played his role in formation of schism in the school because he re­garded with favour monks of his own linage, but he also was a talented adminis­trator, built temples, improved education in Enryakuji. He influenced on develop­ment of Amidaism, and his disciples became prominent religious figures. That may be the cause why Akikane condemns ambitious monks, but not Ryōgen