Exploring the complex relationship between HIF‑1 (rs11549465) and <i>NFκB1</i> (rs28362491) variations and obesity (Review)

The prevalence of obesity is steadily increasing and it has emerged as a primary public and clinical health concern that considerably affects healthcare services. Obesity is expected to affect more than one billion individuals by 2030 worldwide. Hypoxia‑inducible factor 1 (HIF‑1) is an oxygen homeostatic molecule encoded by the HIF‑1A gene. The HIF‑1 rs11549465 mutation, which is linked to various diseases, influences nuclear factor kappa‑beta subunit1 (<em>NF&kappa;B1</em>) transcription; this factor governs more than 200 target genes that are crucial for immune system regulation and is associated with morbid obesity, diabetic nephropathy, coronary artery disease and rheumatoid arthritis, specifically through <em>NF&kappa;B1</em> rs28362491 single‑nucleotide polymorphisms. Obesity and being overweight pose widespread risks for chronic ecillnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease and types of cancer. This review selects HIF‑1 and <em>NF&kappa;B1</em> genes because of their complex interplay in inflammatory responses and their significant involvement in hypoxia and inflammation. In this review, we focus on the significance of HIF‑1 rs11549465 and <em>NF&kappa;B1</em> rs28362491 variations in obesity through the hypoxia pathway and inflammatory‑induced obesity to support the current ongoing efforts in clarifying the causes of obesity, overweight and related issues.