Endodontics: The Sequel or the Surgical

This narrative review considers the common clinical dilemma of choosing from non-surgical root canal re-treatment (NSRCreT), surgical root canal re-treatment or dental extraction. While orthograde root canal treatment is generally successful, cases with unresolved symptoms or persistent infection prompt the need for orthograde root canal re-treatment or surgical intervention. The latter involves microsurgery, reserved for suitable cases. Deciding on the appropriate treatment requires a holistic understanding of the patient, the existing dentition and specific tooth factors. This article discusses insights into decision-making, fostering optimal endodontic care and successful treatment outcomes. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of current recommendations regarding non-surgical root canal re-treatment, extraction or referral for apical surgery is useful knowledge.