Non Invasive Glucose Detection Using Triple-Pole Triangular CSRR Sensor

In this paper, the authors propose a compact microwave sensor designed for monitoring the Blood Glucose Levels (BGL) of both hyperglycaemic (BGL 200 mg/dL) and hypoglycaemic (with BGL 50 mg/dL) patients. Our approach involves the development of a metamaterial microwave biosensor featuring a Triple Pole Triangular Complementary Split-ring Resonator (TP-TCSRR) operating across the blood glucose concentration range of 50-500 mg/dL. This unique structure is novel in this application. The theoretical analysis and numerical modelling of the TP-TCSRR sensor are conducted using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. When the sensor’s sensitivity is demonstrated through simulation in the range of 50-500 mg/dL, the results exhibited a distinct leftward frequency shift. To the best of our knowledge, distinct frequency shifts, particularly at lower glucose concentrations such as 50, 70, and 100, have not been reported till now. The sensor exhibited a maximum sensitivity up to 3.8 x 10<sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> dB/(mg/dL) and 377 kHz/(mg/dL). Moreover, with the advantages such as affordability, compact size, operational versatility across various glucose concentrations, and enhanced sensitivity, particularly in low and high glucose concentrations (ranging from 50-100 mg/dL), this sensor concept a promising candidate for wearable non-invasive blood glucose monitoring devices.