Modification dx2−y2${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$ Orbital Electronic States in Nickel‐Based Hydroxides Via Cobalt/Iron Co‐Doping for High‐Efficiency Methanol Electrooxidation
The nickel hydroxide-based (Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>) methanol-to-formate electrooxidation reaction (MOR) performance is greatly related to the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> orbital electronic states. Hence, optimizing the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> orbital electronic states to achieve enhanced MOR activities are highly desired. Here, cobalt (Co) and iron (Fe) doping are used to modify the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> orbital electronic states. Although both dopants can broaden the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> orbital; however, Co doping leads to an elevation in the energy level of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> highest occupied crystal orbital (HOCO), whereas Fe doping results in its reduction. Such a discrepancy in the regulation of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> orbital electronic states stems from the disparate partial electron transfer mechanisms amongst these transition metal ions, which possess distinct energy level and occupancy of d orbitals. Motivated by this finding, the NiCoFe hydroxide is prepared and exhibited an excellent MOR performance. The results showed that the Co dopants effectively suppress the partial electron transfer from Ni to Fe, combined with the <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> orbital broadening induced by NiO<sub>6</sub> octahedra distortion, endowing NiCoFe hydroxide with high <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> HOCO and broad <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> orbital. It is believed that the work gives an in-depth understanding on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics><mml:msub><mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:msup><mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:annotation>${{d}_{{{x}^2} - {{y}^2}}}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> orbital electronic states regulation in Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, which is beneficial for designing Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based catalysts with high MOR performance.
Authors
- Shibo Xi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-3237)
- Junmin Xue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3349-1873)
- Chao Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5772-3213)
- Anqi Zou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2864-5580)
- Qi Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9540-7791)
- Xiaopeng Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-7320)
- Junhua Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-8712)
- Yiming Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2224-006X)
- Ying Tang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6277-137X)
- Zhen Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-5089)
- Haoyan Meng
- Jiagang Wu
Institutions
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Sichuan University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Small
- Published
- 2024-10-06
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202406829
- Citations
- 3
- Primary Topic
- Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.31
Funders
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities