H-NOX Influences Biofilm Formation, Central Metabolism, and Quorum Sensing in <i>Paracoccus denitrificans</i>

The transition from planktonic to biofilm growth in bacteria is often accompanied by greater resistance to antibiotics and other stressors, as well as distinct alterations in physical traits, genetic activity, and metabolic restructuring. In many species, the heme nitric oxide/oxygen binding proteins (H-NOX) play an important role in this process, although the signaling mechanisms and pathways in which they participate are quite diverse and largely unknown. In <i>Paracoccus denitrificans</i>, deletion of the <i>hnox</i> gene results in a severe biofilm-deficient phenotype. Quantitative proteomics was used to assemble a comprehensive data set of <i>P. denitrificans</i> proteins showing altered abundance of those involved in several important metabolic pathways. Further, decreased levels of pyruvate and elevated levels of C₁₆ homoserine lactone were detected for the <i>Δhnox</i> strain, associating the biofilm deficiency with altered central carbon metabolism and quorum sensing, respectively. These results expand our knowledge of the important role of H-NOX signaling in biofilm formation.