Global Transcriptomic Analysis of Topical Sodium Alginate Protection against Peptic Damage in an In Vitro Model of Treatment-Resistant Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Breakthrough symptoms are thought to occur in roughly half of all gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients despite maximal acid suppression (proton pump inhibitor, PPI) therapy. Topical alginates have recently been shown to enhance mucosal defense against acid-pepsin insult during GERD. We aimed to examine potential alginate protection of transcriptomic changes in a cell culture model of PPI-recalcitrant GERD. Immortalized normal-derived human esophageal epithelial cells underwent pretreatment with commercial alginate-based anti-reflux medications (Gaviscon Advance or Gaviscon Double Action), a matched-viscosity placebo control, or pH 7.4 buffer (sham) alone for 1 min, followed by exposure to pH 6.0 + pepsin or buffer alone for 3 min. RNA sequencing was conducted, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was performed with a false discovery rate of ≤0.01 and absolute fold-change of ≥1.3. Pepsin-acid exposure disrupted gene expressions associated with epithelial barrier function, chromatin structure, carcinogenesis, and inflammation. Alginate formulations demonstrated protection by mitigating these changes and promoting extracellular matrix repair, downregulating proto-oncogenes, and enhancing tumor suppressor expression. These data suggest molecular mechanisms by which alginates provide topical protection against injury during weakly acidic reflux and support a potential role for alginates in the prevention of GERD-related carcinogenesis.