Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Zebra Crossings in Vehicle-Mounted LiDAR Point Clouds

In the production of high-definition maps, it is necessary to achieve the three-dimensional instantiation of road furniture that is difficult to depict on traditional maps. The development of mobile laser measurement technology provides a new means for acquiring road furniture data. To address the issue of traffic marking extraction accuracy in practical production, which is affected by degradation, occlusion, and non-standard variations, this paper proposes a 3D reconstruction method based on energy functions and template matching, using zebra crossings in vehicle-mounted LiDAR point clouds as an example. First, regions of interest (RoIs) containing zebra crossings are obtained through manual selection. Candidate point sets are then obtained at fixed distances, and their neighborhood intensity features are calculated to determine the number of zebra stripes using non-maximum suppression. Next, the slice intensity feature of each zebra stripe is calculated, followed by outlier filtering to determine the optimized length. Finally, a matching template is selected, and an energy function composed of the average intensity of the point cloud within the template, the intensity information entropy, and the intensity gradient at the template boundary is constructed. The 3D reconstruction result is obtained by solving the energy function, performing mode statistics, and normalization. This method enables the complete 3D reconstruction of zebra stripes within the RoI, maintaining an average planar corner accuracy within 0.05 m and an elevation accuracy within 0.02 m. The matching and reconstruction time does not exceed 1 s, and it has been applied in practical production.