Current state of heavy metals accumulation and its remediation strategies in Indian soils

Environment pollution is continuously escalating at an alarming rate around the globe, particularly concerning the contamination of soils by heavy metals accumulation, particularly Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd and Hg. These metals are non-essential and highly toxic, pose high degrees of threat to plants, animals and humans. The situation has worsened more since the last 3 decades due to continuous increase of anthropogenic activities like mining, industrial processes and faulty agricultural practices i.e. extensive use of pesticides, fungicides and synthetic fertilizers. These activities release various harmful heavy metals into soil, water and air which subsequently infiltrates inside the plant system through physiological mechanisms and, therefore, adversely affecting the plant growth and development. For instance, excessive amounts of heavy metals disrupt the photosynthesis, nutrient uptake and absorption in plants, and thus resulting in stunted growth, chlorosis and even severe plant death. The environment and health risks associated with heavy metal pollution are further exacerbated by their persistence in the environment. Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metals do not degrade over time and can remain in the soil for decades, continuously posing risks to ecosystem and human populations. The bioaccumulation and bio-magnification of these metals through the food chain amplify their toxic effects, making it crucial to address and mitigate their presence in the environment. Efforts to manage and remediate heavy metal contamination involve a combination of strategies including phytoremediation, soil washing and use of amendments to immobilize heavy metals in the soil. Therefore the present study delves into the current status and effects of heavy metals on crops and soils, and further identifying and implementing suitable and effective remediation strategies.