The Role of Climate and Environmental Factors in Malaria Transmission in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects

Malaria remained a major public health challenge in Nigeria, contributing to high rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women. The transmission of malaria is heavily influenced by climate and environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, land use, and ecological changes, which affect the lifecycle of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium spp.) and its mosquito vector (Anopheles species). This review explored how these climatic and environmental factors impacted malaria transmission dynamics across Nigeria’s diverse regions. It also examined the challenges posed by climate variability, inadequate infrastructure, and the emergence of resistance to insecticides and antimalarials, while highlighting the potential of integrated vector management, climate-smart strategies, and community engagement in mitigating these impacts. The methodology used involved a comprehensive review and synthesis of relevant literature and data sources, including peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and global health organization publications. Understanding the intricate relationships between these factors and malaria transmission was crucial for developing adaptive strategies to reduce the burden of malaria in Nigeria, particularly in the face of ongoing environmental and climatic changes. Keywords: Malaria Transmission, Climate Factors, Environmental Factors, Nigeria, Vector Control.