An Efficient Algorithm for Constrained CASSCF(1,2) and CASSCF(3,2) Simulations as Relevant to Electron and Hole Transfer Problems

We propose an efficient algorithm for the recently published electron/hole-transfer Dynamical-weighted State-averaged Constrained CASSCF (eDSC/hDSC) method studying charge transfer states and D₁-D₀ crossings for systems with odd numbers of electrons. By separating the constrained minimization problem into an unconstrained self-consistent-field (SCF) problem and a constrained nonself-consistent-field (nSCF) problem, as well as accelerating the direct inversion in the iterative subspace (DIIS) technique to solve the SCF problem, the overall computational cost is reduced by a factor of 8-20 compared with directly using sequential quadratic programming (SQP). This approach should be applicable for other constrained minimization problems, and in the immediate future, once gradients are available, the present eDSC/hDSC algorithm should allow for speedy nonadiabatic dynamics simulations.