Global and national burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus attributable to <scp>PM2</scp>.5 air pollution: An analysis of the <scp>GBD</scp> study from 1990 to 2019

Epidemiological studies have established a link between air pollution and an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aims to measure the impact of T2DM related to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution by examining death rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2019 in the United States of America. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, we examined death and DALY rates per 100,000 populations in T2DM patients, specifically focusing on ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP) and household air pollution (HAP). We assessed average annual percentage change (AAPC) across various age and gender groups, states, and socio-demographic index (SDI) categories. Our findings reveal a significant decline in death rates and DALYs in the United States of America over the last 30 years, with more pronounced decreases among females and older adults. Despite national progress, state-level variations indicate complex interactions between environmental regulations, healthcare access, and socio-economic factors. Some states, such as Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska, exhibited increased AAPC. Our study emphasizes the need for targeted policies and interventions to reduce PM_2.5 exposure and further address regional disparities, ensuring continued improvement in public health outcomes.