Circadian clock dysregulation: a potential mechanism of depression in obstructive sleep apnea patients

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by co-occurrence with affective disorders. Our study aims to investigate the association of circadian clock gene expressions, and the presence and severity of depressive symptoms in OSA patients. The study included 184 individuals, who underwent polysomnography (PSG) and had their peripheral blood collected in the evening before and the morning after the PSG. Patients were divided into two groups: the OSA (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 5) and the control group (AHI < 5). RNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Expression levels of the selected genes (BMAL1, CLOCK, PER1, CRY1, NPAS2, and NR1D1) were assessed by qRT-PCR. Questionnaire data was collected in the morning (including the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Chronotype Questionnaire (CQ), and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)). The expression of all examined circadian clock genes in OSA patients was upregulated in the morning compared to the evening (except NPAS2). No differences were observed between OSA and control groups at either time point. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the severity of depressive symptoms (assessed with MADRS) and morning expression of circadian genes in the group of OSA patients. Finally, in multivariable linear regression, ISI score (B = 0.750, p < 0.001), AM score of CQ (B = 0.416, p = 0.007), and morning PER1 gene expression (B = 4.310, p = 0.042) were found to be predictive factors for greater severity of depression symptoms in OSA patients. Dysregulated circadian clock gene expression in OSA patients is linked to depressive symptom severity, suggesting circadian disruption may underlie affective symptoms in OSA.