Spatio‐temporal variability in seed production of tree species: implications for restoration in the Cerrado–Amazonia transition zone

The use of propagules collected in ecotonal regions for restoration purposes is challenging because of the mix of species from different vegetation types and reproductive phenological variability. We used a database of the Xingu Seed Network in Brazil, which contains data on 139 native tree species for 8 years (2011–2018) in the Cerrado–Amazonia transition zone, to answer three questions: (1) What is the spatio‐temporal variability in the seed dispersal of tree species, and how does it relate to the species' preferential habitat? (2) Is there a relationship between the seed dispersal period and climate variables? (3) Is the frequency of tree species with different dispersal syndromes equally distributed among biomes and seed‐size classes? Independent of their preferred ecosystem (Amazonia or Cerrado), some species showed substantial spatio asynchrony in fruit dispersal, extending the dispersal period at a regional scale. The seed dispersal period was strongly correlated ( r s > 0.6) with precipitation and minimum or maximum air temperature in 41% ( n = 57) of the studied species. We showed that three‐quarters of the species ( n = 105) dispersed seeds in the late dry and early rainy periods, with little variation among dispersal syndromes. Our findings will enhance the effectiveness of restoration initiatives by increasing the accuracy of predictions of the location and time for collecting seeds in the extensive Cerrado–Amazonia transition zone.