The effects of age, resilience, and fraud victimization on mental health during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic

During the height of the pandemic, COVID-19 threatened the physical, financial, and social wellbeing of people worldwide through work-from-home, quarantine, and isolation policies. Subsequently, the pandemic years have been linked to increases in reported loneliness, negative emotionality, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation (e.g., Finch et al., 2022; O’Sullivan et al., 2021; WHO, 2022). Although trait resilience and other resources such as social support helped to ease the negative emotional impact of the pandemic, they may have been insufficient to fully negate pandemic-related mental health challenges (Coloumbe et al., 2020; García-Rivera et al., 2021). In fact, those who experienced more pandemic-related fear and uncertainty have described lower levels of psychological resilience to draw on when coping with their poor mental health (García-Rivera et al., 2021). Resilience is defined as the ability to adapt to and recover from challenges such as living through the COVID-19 pandemic.