Recent Developments and Prospects of Electromagnetically Active Metamaterials in Biosensing

This paper provides an overview of the progress of research on electromagnetically active metamaterials in the field of biosensing, especially the potential of terahertz metamaterials for biosensor applications. Electromagnetically active metamaterials exhibit a negative refractive index and perfect absorption through their special structure, and their electromagnetic behavior is affected by their structure and geometry, which is different from traditional materials. The article reviews the application of terahertz technology for the bio-detection of cancer cells and apoptotic processes using periodic metal arrays by terahertz biosensors, demonstrating the advantages of terahertz biosensors, such as high sensitivity and detection without labeling. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the advancements in research concerning electromagnetically active metamaterials within the domain of biosensing, with a particular emphasis on the potential applications of terahertz metamaterials in biosensor technology. Electromagnetically active metamaterials are characterized by their negative refractive index and perfect absorption, which arise from their distinctive structural properties. The electromagnetic behavior of these materials is significantly influenced by their design and geometry, setting them apart from conventional materials. The article examines the utilization of terahertz technology for the bio-detection of cancer cells and apoptotic processes tunability, employing periodic metal arrays in terahertz biosensors. It underscores the advantages of terahertz biosensors, which include high sensitivity and the capability to detect biological entities without the necessity for labeling. Terahertz metamaterial biosensors are promising for protein, virus, and cancer cell detection. This paper also explores the design and application of chiral metamaterials, especially indium tin oxide-based mid-infrared chiral metamaterials, to solve the problem of the large size of traditional materials and investigates their circular dichroism. Looking ahead, electromagnetically active metamaterials, especially terahertz metamaterials, are expected to improve resolving power and sensitivity, reduce costs, and expand the applications of biosensors in the biomedical field. The applications and research of these sensors will continue to advance with the advancement of micro and nanoprocessing technologies.