Heterogeneous Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Diabetes Prevalence Among U.S. Adults

This cross-sectional analysis found that e-cigarette use is associated with higher odds of prediabetes, with dual use potentially linked to increased odds of both prediabetes and diabetes. However, because of study limitations, including the cross-sectional design, self-reported data, and unmeasured confounders, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Because causal relationships and temporal sequences cannot be established, large prospective studies are needed to explore the metabolic health implications of emerging tobacco product use.