Different Origin Field‐Aligned Currents and Their Relationship With Auroral Intensity

Abstract The ionospheric field‐aligned current (FAC) consists of three components related to ionospheric vortices and gradients of Pedersen and Hall conductances, with the first term being of magnetospheric origin and the latter two being of ionospheric origin (Eq. 1). We calculate each of them between 2010 and 2016 using line‐of‐sight velocity data from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar and auroral electron precipitation data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. Then, we investigate the contribution of each FAC component, as well as the relationship between each FAC component and auroral activity. Our result shows that ionospheric‐origin FACs contribute up to 54% (dawn) and 42% (dusk) within the auroral oval. Both magnetospheric‐origin FACs and ionospheric‐origin FACs initially increase and then stabilize as the SuperMAG electrojet (SME) index increases. After stabilization, these two currents have almost equally important roles, with an average contribution rate of 56% and 44%, respectively. Additionally, the ionospheric‐origin FACs are found to have a higher dependency on auroral intensity. We also find that magnetospheric‐origin FACs exhibit distribution patterns similar to the R1/R2 FAC systems because their directions are determined by vorticities. When the SME index exceeds 200 nT, the contribution from the Pedersen conductance gradient consistently exhibits downward currents near 70° magnetic latitude in the dusk and predawn sectors due to the combined effects of velocities and Pedersen conductance gradients. However, the distribution pattern from the Hall conductance gradient is not so clear due to the uncertainty in the angle between velocity and Hall conductance gradient.