Impacts of aquaculture practices on the sustainability of social-ecological systems in coastal zones of the Mekong Delta

Coastal and deltaic regions face increasing natural and human-induced hazards, such as cyclones, storm surges, erosion, and saline intrusion, exacerbated by climate change. In tropical zones, mangrove ecosystems provide vital protection against these threats, yet the conversion of mangroves to shrimp aquaculture undermines these benefits, even in protected areas. The Mekong Delta in Vietnam, historically rich in biodiversity and diverse habitats like mangroves and mudflats, has seen local communities thrive. However, rising global market demands have led to more intensive aquaculture models, posing new risks. This research examines the impact of shrimp farming models, from extensive to hyper-intensive, under multiple natural hazards and transformative processes like land conversion and mangrove restoration. Using risk assessment tools and data from local community interviews and focus groups, we present a model showcasing the influence of aquaculture on socio-ecological systems. Key findings reveal the interplay between livelihoods and landscape conversion, highlighting the risks and benefits of various shrimp farming models. The study stresses the need for stakeholder collaboration and improved wastewater treatment to enhance sustainability and environmental health in the Mekong Delta.