Evaluating monsoon season heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Uttar Dinajpur District using pollution indices and Principal Component analysis

Heavy metal contamination in groundwater poses significant environmental and public health challenges globally. This study investigates the presence and distribution of heavy metal contamination in groundwater within Uttar Dinajpur District, India, focusing on zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb). Groundwater samples were collected and analysed for heavy metal concentrations, and statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, histograms, box plots, Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) analysis, Metal Index (MI) analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were conducted to assess contamination levels, spatial distribution, and potential sources. Results indicate varying levels of heavy metal contamination across the district, with manganese, iron, and lead frequently exceeding permissible limits, posing potential health risks. The PCA revealed common sources and relationships among heavy metals, aiding in understanding contamination patterns. The study underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and targeted interventions to manage heavy metal contamination in groundwater, emphasizing the need for further research to develop effective mitigation strategies. • Heavy metal contamination in groundwater was assessed during the monsoon season. • Manganese, iron, and lead concentrations frequently exceed safe limits, posing health risks. • Pollution indices and PCA identified contamination patterns and potential pollution sources. • Study underscores the need for continuous monitoring and effective mitigation strategies. • Findings offer insights relevant to regions facing similar groundwater contamination globally.