Fire in the Ritual Culture of the Mordovinias: Origins, Traditions, Scope

Introduction. The ritual sphere of ethnic culture has traditionally been a subject of study in ethnology. In recent decades, new research approaches have emerged in this area, with a particular focus on the understanding that ritual practices in modern contexts serve as important factors of identification. This is especially relevant for the Mordovians, among whom assimilation processes are rapidly progressing. The goal of this study is to identify the origins, ritual functions, and the original and contemporary significance of fire and its derivatives (such as ash, charcoal, smoke, etc.) in the rituals of the Mordvin people. Materials and Methods. The methodological foundation of the work consisted of traditional methods such as the comparative-historical and historical-genetic approaches. These methods allowed for a thorough examination of the phenomena under study and, using logical and heuristic techniques, enabled the reconstruction of development trends of the object being studied. Additionally, field research methods and the analysis of historiographical works and sources were employed. Results and Discussion. It is noted that the use of fire and its derivatives was quite extensive: they served as protective charms, could be used as remedies, and united participants in ritual actions. This widespread ritual use of fire was closely linked to the solar cult, i.e., the perception of fire as a celestial element capable of influencing human life. The material manifestation of the solar cult was the sacred candles known as shtatolas. These candles were associated with the image of the supreme Mordovian god, Shkay-Nishke, who was himself considered a solar deity. Conclusion. The ritual functions of fire in the ceremonial culture of the Mordvins are gradually transforming: by the present time, the magical rituals involving bonfire flames and the domestic hearth have almost disappeared, replaced by church candles used in many modern ceremonies. The results of this research may be useful for a more comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the traditional worldview of the Mordvin people, their connections with other ethnic groups, and certain aspects of their spiritual and material culture.