Internet voting: A research agenda

a milestone in the history of internet voting since it was in 2004 when this technology was first used during the initial trials of internet voting for federal votes in Switzerland as well as during the European Parliamentary elections in the Netherlands. 1 The unique path that these three phenomena have followed could very well represent the evolution of e-voting itself.The follow-up to that workshop in Bregenz was combined, year to year, with its sister conference series, Vote-ID (of a more technological nature), until both conferences merged in 2019 into today's E-Vote-ID.E-Vote-ID itself has also changed and is now taking place in different locations in Europe, evidencing the growing scope of voting technologies.The Council of Europe's recommendation also grew, with a series of biennial reviews, new sets of guidelines on certification and transparency of e-voting and e-enabled elections, respectively, and even an e-voting handbook.However, time has shown that a comprehensive update was necessary, and Rec( 2004)11 was replaced by Recommendation CM/Rec(2017)51 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on standards for e-voting. 2In turn, the updated Recommendation has also been expanded with a set of Committee of Ministers' Guidelines on using information and communication technology (ICT) in electoral processes in Council of Europe member States. 3This aims to provide guidance on using those election technologies not included in the updated Recommendation.