Variations of black carbon, particulate matter and nitrogen oxides mass concentrations in urban environment with respect to winter heating period and meteorological conditions

The atmospheric concentrations of particulate pollution are of great scientific concern due to their impact on both human health and environment. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of black carbon (BC), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 micrometres (PM 10 ) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) at an urban background environment throughout the year, and understand the impact of winter heating and meteorology on its concentration level. The campaign covered heating and non-heating periods, from 1 June 2021 to 31 May 2022. During the heating period, the mass concentrations of BC, PM 10 and NO x were 1.17, 24.9 and 19.4 µ g m –3 , respectively. The analysis revealed that the mass concentrations of BC and NO x were 1.9 and 1.4 times greater during the heating period, respectively, compared to the non-heating period. In contrast, PM 10 remained almost constant during the heating (19.4 µ g m –3 ) and non-heating periods (20.0 µ g m –3 ). Throughout the year, the BC mass concentration was dominated by BCFF (71.2%) originating from fossil fuel combustion with a maximum (8.43 µ g m –3 ) during the heating period. Moreover, wind speed presented a weak negative correlation with BC ( r = –0.40), PM 10 ( r = –0.19) and NO x ( r = –0.40) during the heating period.