Optimizing Water, Temperature, and Density Conditions for In Vitro Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Germination

This study aimed to determine the optimal water, temperature, and density conditions, alongside antifungal treatments, for pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) germination in a laboratory setting, with implications for research, breeding, and microgreen production. Germination and early seedling growth were assessed across various temperatures (5 °C to 40 °C), water levels (0-14 mL per Petri dish), seed densities (5, 7, 9, and 11 seeds per Petri dish), and antifungal treatments (Hypo and Bordeaux mixture). The results indicated that optimal germination occurred between 15 °C and 25 °C, with peak performance at 25 °C. Water levels between 7 and 11 mL per 9 cm diameter Petri dish supported robust root and shoot development, while minimal water levels initiated germination but did not sustain growth. Five seeds per Petri dish was optimal for healthy development, whereas higher densities led to increased competition and variable outcomes. Antifungal treatments showed slight improvements in germination and growth, though differences were not statistically significant compared to controls. The study's novelty lies in its holistic approach to evaluating multiple factors affecting pea germination, offering practical guidelines for enhancing germination rates and seedling vigor. These findings support efficient and resilient crop production systems adaptable to varying environmental conditions, contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security. Future research should explore these factors in field settings and across different pea cultivars to validate and refine the recommendations.