Combining laser cooling and Zeeman deceleration for precision spectroscopy in supersonic beams

Precision spectroscopic measurements in atoms and molecules play an increasingly important role in chemistry and physics, e.g., to characterize structure and dynamics at long timescales, to determine physical constants, or to search for physics beyond the standard model of particle physics. In this paper, we demonstrate the combination of Zeeman deceleration and transverse laser cooling to generate slow (mean velocity of 175 m/s) and transversely ultracold (${T}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\approx}135\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\textmu{}\mathrm{K}$) supersonic beams of metastable $(1s)(2s)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}$ He (${\mathrm{He}}^{*}$) for precision spectroscopy. The curved-wavefront laser-cooling approach is used to achieve large capture velocities and high ${\mathrm{He}}^{*}$ number densities. The beam properties are characterized by imaging, time-of-flight, and high-resolution spectroscopic methods, and the factors limiting the Doppler widths in single-photon spectroscopic measurements of the $(1s)(40p)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}P_{J}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\leftarrow}(1s)(2s)\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}^{3}S_{1}$ transition at UV frequencies around $1.15\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ Hz are analyzed. In particular, the use of skimmers to geometrically confine the beam in the transverse directions is examined and shown to not always lead to a reduction of the Doppler width. Linewidths as narrow as 5 MHz could be obtained, enabling the determination of line centers with a precision of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}\ensuremath{\nu}/\ensuremath{\nu}$ of $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ limited by the signal-to-noise ratio. Numerical particle-trajectory simulations are used to interpret the experimental observations and validate the conclusions.