Energy Efficiency of Glasshouses and Plant Factories for Sustainable Urban Farming in the Desert Southwest of the United States of America

The extreme heat and water scarcity of the desert southwest in the United States of America present significant challenges for growing food crops. However, controlled-environment agriculture offers a promising solution for plant production in these harsh conditions. Glasshouses and plant factories represent advanced but energy-intensive production methods among controlled-environment agriculture techniques. This review aims to comprehensively assess how controlled-environment agriculture can thrive and be sustained in the desert southwest by evaluating the energy efficiency of controlled glasshouses and building-integrated plant factories. The analysis focuses on the efficiency of these systems’ energy and water consumption, mainly using artificial lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, and water management through various hydroponic techniques. Approximately 50% of operational energy costs in controlled glasshouses are dedicated to cooling, whereas 25–30% of energy expenses in building-integrated plant factories are allocated to artificial lighting. Building-integrated plant factories with aeroponic systems have demonstrated superior water use and energy efficiency compared to controlled glasshouses in desert environments. Integrating photovoltaic solar energy and glass rooftops in building-integrated plant factories can significantly reduce energy costs for urban farming in the desert southwest.