Mineralogical and radiological studies on some Paleozoic yellow ochre deposits in Southwestern Sinai, Egypt

Yellow ochre is the basic material used in the manufacture of yellow oxide (a commercial product). Yellow ochre samples were taken from three different formations in southwestern Sinai: Abu Hamata, Um Bogma, and Abu Zarab. Yellow ochre occasionally exists in Abu Hamata Formation particularly in El Ferah area, associated with Fe-Mn ore in Wadi El Sahu (Um Bogma Formation) and in Himayer area (Abu Zarab Formation). The XRD analysis of the raw material reveals that they are mainly composed of goethite, which is associated with quartz and kaolinite in El Ferah area, hematite, kaolinite and quartz in Himayer area, and kaolinite, gypsum and quartz in Wadi El Sahu. The commercial product is mainly composed of goethite, quartz, and calcite. The heavy mineral investigation shows that some yellow ochre samples contain zircon and rare earth sulfate which may be responsible for the radioactivity of ochre due to their thorium and uranium content. The average values of specific radio-activities of most radionuclides in the samples of Himayer area I and II, and El Sahu I are higher than the respective world averages, while their activities are lower in El Ferah and El Sahu II. Th/U and Ra/U ratios exhibit vigorous changes in physico-chemical conditions during uranium leaching and deposition. Most of the radiological parameters in the ferruginous sediment and commercial product samples from El Ferah, El Sahu II, and Himayer II are lower than the recommended international values but higher than those from Himayer I and El Sahu I samples. The plotted hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) exhibits that the main contributors for the hazards of these sediments and their commercial product are ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ²²⁶Ra in Himayer I &II, commercial products, and El Ferah area, ²³²Th and ²²⁶Ra in El Sahu II , ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ²²⁶Ra in El Sahu I.