Enhancing Aniline Condensation Reaction Efficiency Using Alkali and Rare Earth Element Modified USY Zeolite Catalyst: Synergistic Effects and Mechanistic Insights

USY zeolite was used as the main raw material for the aniline condensation reaction using alkali and rare earth element (cerium) modification. The texture properties were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared. The results showed that alkali treatment and rare earth element combined modification had a synergistic effect, which effectively improved the conversion rate of aniline. The 0.25 M NaOH-5% Ce-USY catalyst demonstrated a conversion rate approximately 50% higher than the unmodified zeolite. Alkali treatment of the zeolite generated additional micropores, enhancing the catalyst’s surface area and reactant accessibility. The dispersion of cerium species modulated the zeolite’s hydroxyl groups, optimizing both acidity and catalyst performance. Density functional theory calculations elucidated the underlying reaction mechanism. This advancement not only provides a catalyst for aniline condensation but also offers insights into the modification of acid-catalyzed reaction catalysts.