Optothermal microrobotic swarms working in complex environments

Light-powered microrobotic swarms, excelling in manipulation efficiency and motion pattern customization, are pivotal for micro-fabrication and biomedical applications. Herein, we introduce an integrated platform capable of autonomously transporting light-powered microrobotic swarms over long distances within complex environments. The embedded real-time feedback control algorithm ensures swarm integrity and facilitates the adept navigation around unpredictable obstacles. The successful operation of both trapping- and nudging-based microrobots prove the versatile applicability of our platform.