TRANSFER OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE GENE THROUGH LIVESTOCK FOOD PRODUCTS AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), is a chief worldwide public health concern with grave health and socio-economic repercussions. Besides improper use of antibiotics, exposure to contaminated water or soil, and close contact with infected individuals; consumption of food products derived from animals carrying antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and genes is a major pathway for transferring AMR to humans. The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria can result from both innate and acquired mechanisms, and its spread among bacteria is contributed by the environment, animals, and humans. Analysis of available data shows that non-therapeutic antimicrobial administration to animals increases resistance rates in bacteria in their gut and surroundings. The food supply chain facilitates the transfer of genes associated with AMR and despite considerable efforts to restrict antibiotic overuse, numerous regions of the world are witnessing a surge in clinical antibiotic resistance rates. To address this multifaceted resistance issue effectively, a "One Health" approach is critical, along with concerted efforts across all sectors. Considering the importance and scientific concern of this emerging public health issue, a thorough review of the available literature on the transmission of AMR from animal-derived foods to humans is presented in this paper.