<scp>DiBiMT</scp>: A Gold Evaluation Benchmark for Studying Lexical Ambiguity in Machine Translation

Abstract Despite the remarkable progress made in the field of Machine Translation (MT), current systems still struggle when translating ambiguous words, especially when these express infrequent meanings. In order to investigate and analyze the impact of lexical ambiguity on automatic translations, several tasks and evaluation benchmarks have been proposed over the course of the last few years. However, work in this research direction suffers from critical shortcomings. Indeed, existing evaluation datasets are not entirely manually curated, which significantly compromises their reliability. Furthermore, current literature fails to provide detailed insights into the nature of the errors produced by models translating ambiguous words, lacking a thorough manual analysis across languages. With a view to overcoming these limitations, we propose Disambiguation Biases in MT (DiBiMT), an entirely manually curated evaluation benchmark for investigating disambiguation biases in eight language combinations and assessing the ability of both commercial and non-commercial systems to handle ambiguous words. We also examine and detail the errors produced by models in this scenario by carrying out a manual error analysis in all language pairs. Additionally, we perform an extensive array of experiments aimed at studying the behavior of models when dealing with ambiguous words. Finally, we show the ineffectiveness of standard MT evaluation settings for assessing the disambiguation capabilities of systems and highlight the need for additional efforts in this research direction and ad-hoc testbeds such as DiBiMT. Our benchmark is available at: https://nlp.uniroma1.it/dibimt/.