Photosynthetically-powered phototactic active nematic liquid crystals

One of the most ancient forms of life dating to ~3.5 billion years ago, cyanobacteria are highly abundant organisms that convert light into energy and motion, often within conjoined filaments and larger colonies. We study how gradients of light intensity trigger orderly phototactic motions and dense bacterial communities, which remained quantitatively unexplored despite being among the oldest forms of active living matter on Earth. The phototaxis drives a transition from initially polar motions of semiflexible long filaments along complex curved spatiotemporal trajectories confined within illuminated areas to their bipolar motility in the ensuing crowded environment. We demonstrate how simply shining light causes a spontaneous self-assembly of two- and three-dimensional active nematic states of cyanobacterial filaments, with a plethora of motile and static topological defects. We quantify light-controlled evolutions of orientational and velocity order parameters during the transition between disordered and orientationally ordered states of our photosynthetic active matter, as well as the subsequent active nematic's fluid-gel transformation. Patterned illumination and foreign inclus