Phthalocyanine and metal phthalocyanine are hole transport buffer layers for perovskite solar cell fabrication

This approach allows you to more accurately evaluate the performance of solar panels and identify any prob- lems or degradation in their operation. The LUMO value of mPc closer to the LUMO value of CH3NH3I3PbClx increased conversion energy and short circuit current density (Jsc), which reached a maximum value of 15.97 mA/cm² using the HTL layer of CuPc, and the open circuit voltage (Voc) reached a maximum at 0.97 V. The change in Jsc corresponds to the fill factor (FF) change. The filling factor (FF) reached a maximum value of 67.35 % when using the HTL layer of CuPc and a minimum value (FF) of 54.23 % when using the HTL layer of H2Pc. The lowest series resistance (R1) and interface resistance (R3) of 11.2 and 39.9 Ohms, respectively, were shown with the HTL layer of CuPc, Capacitive element CPE1 — 305 pF, Capacitive element CPE2 — 0.95 pF. CPE (Constant Phase Element) is an element used in equivalent circuits to describe the non-ideal dielectric properties of materials. The decrease in CPE1 may indicate a decrease in the heterogeneity of the dielectric properties of the perovskite material after coating with different HTL mPc layers. This may be due to changes in structure or mutual actions between layers as a result of exposure to differences in energy levels.