Sustainable extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from empty palm oil bunches via low-acid hydrolysis

The increasing production of empty palm oil bunches (EPOB) poses significant environmental challenges due to waste accumulation. This study aims to convert EPOB into valuable cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) through a sustainable extraction process utilizing low-acid concentration. The extraction method involves three key steps: alkalization, bleaching, and hydrolysis with 30 % sulfuric acid. The results indicate a high α-cellulose content of 87.04 % and an increase in crystallinity of the extracted CNCs to 60.28 %, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The CNCs exhibit a rod-like morphology with an average diameter of 1.66 nm and a length of 9.85 nm. This research demonstrates that EPOB can be effectively transformed into high-quality CNCs, providing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative for utilizing agricultural waste. The findings support the potential application of CNCs in various fields, including biodegradable materials and coatings, contributing to sustainability in the palm oil industry. • Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from empty palm oil bunches at low acid concentrations was successfully performed. • Cellulose products have a relatively high crystallinity index of 60.28 %. • The rod-like shape of cellulose has an average diameter of 1.66 and length of 9.85 nm.