Impacts of lifestyle changes on energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions in Germany

Most energy scenario studies typically focus on technological options and fuel substitution for decarbonising future energy systems. Lifestyle changes are rarely considered, although they can significantly reduce energy demand and climate change mitigation efforts. By using an energy system model, this study shows that it is possible to reduce final energy demand in Germany by 61 % in 2050 relative to 2019 levels, resulting in an annual per capita energy demand of 44 GJ for a representative country of the Global North. This goal can be achieved through a combination of technological measures and lifestyle changes without sacrificing a decent standard of living. Societal chances can eliminate reliance on not-yet-established negative emission technologies, reduce energy dependency, and reduce the need for energy-intensive hydrogen and e-fuels. Downsizing the energy system provides an opportunity for strengthening climate change mitigation, decrease material demand and reduce land use. • Modelling a low energy demand scenario for Germany, including lifestyle changes. • Lifestyle changes combined with technological options enable reductions in energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. • Lifestyle changes can reduce or eliminate reliance on negative emission technologies. • Per capita final energy demand in Germany can be reduced to 44 GJ in 2050.