Enhanced gastric cancer classification and quantification interpretable framework using digital histopathology images

Recent developments have highlighted the critical role that computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems play in analyzing whole-slide digital histopathology images for detecting gastric cancer (GC). We present a novel framework for gastric histology classification and segmentation (GHCS) that offers modest yet meaningful improvements over existing CAD models for GC classification and segmentation. Our methodology achieves marginal improvements over conventional deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) models by adaptively focusing on pertinent characteristics of images. This contributes significantly to our study, highlighting that the proposed model, which performs well on normalized images, is robust in certain respects, particularly in handling variability and generalizing to different datasets. We anticipate that this robustness will lead to better results across various datasets. An expectation-maximizing Naïve Bayes classifier that uses an updated Gaussian Mixture Model is at the heart of the suggested GHCS framework. The effectiveness of our classifier is demonstrated by experimental validation on two publicly available datasets, which produced exceptional classification accuracies of 98.87% and 97.28% on validation sets and 98.47% and 97.31% on test sets. Our framework shows a slight but consistent improvement over previously existing techniques in gastric histopathology image classification tasks, as demonstrated by comparative analysis. This may be attributed to its ability to capture critical features of gastric histopathology images better. Furthermore, using an improved Fuzzy c-means method, our study produces good results in GC histopathology picture segmentation, outperforming state-of-the-art segmentation models with a Dice coefficient of 65.21% and a Jaccard index of 60.24%. The model's interpretability is complemented by Grad-CAM visualizations, which help understand the decision-making process and increase the model's trustworthiness for end-users, especially clinicians.