Implementation of functional integration of hydrogel matrices with rare earth elements and related applications

Rare-earth based hydrogels are a class of functional materials with a 3-dimensional network structure, where rare earth complexes can be introduced into the hydrogel networks through non-covalent or covalent interactions. This type of material integrates the unique properties arising from the three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogels and the specific luminescence properties generated by the rare earth ions. In addition, due to the dynamic nature of the coordination bonds, the luminescence behavior of these hydrogels can be well modulated by environmental stimuli such as acid/base, light, heat, and chemical reagents. These properties endow rare-earth based hydrogels with potential applications in the optical and medical fields. In this review, we first analyze the advantages of rare earth complexes as fluorophores in constructing luminescent hydrogels, and then summarize the common strategies for constructing rare-earth based hydrogels and their potential applications in related fields. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of rare-earth based hydrogels are discussed. The aim of this review is to promote the design and application of rare-earth based hydrogels by reviewing the recent progress in this field. This review analyzes the advantages of rare earth complexes as fluorophores in constructing luminescent hydrogels, and then summarizes the common strategies for constructing rare-earth based hydrogels and their potential applications in related fields.