Effects of oral liquiritigenin inoculation on gut microbiota and gene expression in intestinal and extraintestinal tissues of mice

These results suggest LQ's potential to modulate common mucosal immunity but also highlight possible risks of gut dysbiosis and hypersensitivity, particularly in vulnerable individuals. Our study, while informative about the effects of LQ on gut health, lacks direct evidence on whether changes in gut microbiota and gene expression caused by LQ impact inflammatory diseases or are causally linked. Future research should investigate this through fecal microbiota transplantation to explore the causal relationships and LQ's potential effects on immune responses and disease outcomes in relevant models.