Dissecting the Simultaneous Extracellular/Intracellular Contributions to Cr(VI) Reduction under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions Using the Newly Isolating Cr(VI)-Reducing Bacterium of Pseudomonas sp. HGB10

Quantifying extracellular and intracellular contributions to Cr(VI) reduction is crucial for understanding bacterial Cr(VI)-reduction mechanisms. However, this contribution under different oxygen conditions remains largely unexplored. This study quantified the extracellular/intracellular contribution to aerobic and anaerobic Cr(VI) reduction using <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. HGB10, an isolated Cr(VI)-reducing bacterium, as the experimental model. Interestingly, it was found that the lower anaerobic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) does not necessarily imply a lower anaerobic Cr(VI)-reduction rate for HGB10. For the initial Cr(VI) concentration of 20 mg L^-1, the maximum anaerobic Cr(VI)-reducing rate reached 100%, while the aerobic counterpart was only 75%, even though the value of the aerobic MIC (400 mg L^-1) is twice that of the anaerobic (200 mg L^-1). Additionally, the calculated extracellular contributions to aerobic and anaerobic Cr(VI) reduction were 10.76% and 55.71%, respectively, while the intracellular contributions were 68.29% and 40.38%. The sum of extracellular and intracellular contributions to Cr(VI) reduction (79.05% and 96.09%) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions was nearly balanced with the corresponding maximum values despite minor relative errors. These results indicated that anaerobic Cr(VI) reduction mainly occurred extracellularly rather than intracellularly, which differs from the existing result. Overall, our findings provide new insights into bacterial Cr(VI) reduction.