First evidence of Sette Fratelli cave salamander <i>Speleomantes sarrabusensis</i> (Urodela: Plethodontidae) consumption by the Sardinian grass snake <i>Natrix helvetica cetti</i> (Squamata: Natricidae)

European cave salamanders, classified under the genus Speleomantes, are primarily endemic to Italy, with one sub-endemic species also occurring in southeast France. These terrestrial salamanders seek refuge in subterranean habitats with stable, humid, and cool microclimates, especially during periods of high heat or dryness. Above-ground sightings mostly occur during cooler, damp periods, either at night or on very humid days. Many studies have explored their diet, but information on predators is limited. This work presents the first documented evidence of predation on adult Sette Fratelli cave salamander S. sarrabusensis by the Sardinian grass snake Natrix helvetica cetti. During a field survey in the Sette Fratelli forest complex, South Sardinia, three adult cave salamanders were regurgitated by a captured grass snake, indicating predation. Notably, the observation suggests nocturnal activity of the grass snake in early spring despite low temperatures. This finding underscores significant gaps in our understanding of the Sardinian grass snake’s ecology and the predation risks faced by European cave salamanders, highlighting the need for further field research.