An innovative rheology analysis method applies to the formulation optimization of Panax notoginseng total saponins ocular gel

Emphasizing the viscoelasticity of ophthalmic gels is crucial for understanding the residence time, structure, and stability of hydrogels. This study primarily aimed to propose an innovative rheology analysis method for ophthalmic gels, considering complex eye movements. This method was applied to select ophthalmic gels with favorable rheological characteristics. Additionally, the physical characteristics and <i>in vitro</i> release of the selected <i>Panax notoginseng</i> total saponins (PNS) gel were demonstrated. The selected PNS gel significantly increased the activities of SOD and decreased intracellular levels of MDA, TNF-α, and IL-1β in H₂O₂-treated ARPE-19 cells. Finally, the optimal formulation was selected as a suitable platform for ophthalmic delivery and was shown to significantly rescue ARPE-19 cells from oxidative cellular damage.