Green synthesized AgNPs of the <i>Anchusa arvensis</i> aqueous extract resulting in impressive protein kinase, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities

This study focused on analyzing the pharmacological activities of AgNPs synthesized from an aqueous plant extract of <i>Anchusa arvensis</i>. The effectiveness of AgNPs was evaluated for protein kinase inhibition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. The AgNPs and plant were used to regulate the protein kinase activity using the liquid TSB and ISP4 medium protein kinase inhibition study demonstrated that nanoparticles exhibited a larger zone of inhibition (9.1 ± 0.8) compared to the plant extract (8.1 ± 0.6). The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH reagent, and the results indicated that AgNPs displayed potent free radical scavenging properties. In terms of antibacterial activity, AgNPs showed higher efficacy against <i>Enterobacter aerogens</i> (20.1 ± 0.9), <i>Bordetella bronchiseptaca</i> (19.1 ± 0.9), and <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (17.2 ± 0.8) at 4 mg/mL. The antifungal activity of AgNPs was prominent against <i>Aspergillus fumagatus</i> (14.1 ± 0.9), <i>Mucor species</i> (19.2 ± 0.8), and <i>Fusarium solani</i> (11.2 ± 0.8) at 20 mg/mL. These findings suggest that AgNPs possess multiple beneficial properties, including bactericidal/fungicidal effects, protein kinase inhibition, and potential free radical scavenging abilities. Therefore, AgNPs have potential applications in various fields, such as biomedicine and industry, due to their ability to counteract the harmful effects of free radicals.