The role of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in modern cultivation for the implementation of greenhouses

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become one of the most familiar names creating a benchmark and scaling new heights. IoT an indeed future of the communication that has transformed the objects (things) of the real world into smarter devices. With the advent of IoT technology, this decade is witnessing a transformation from traditional agriculture approaches to the most advanced ones. Limited research has been carried out in this direction. Thus, herein we present various technological aspects involved in IoT-based cultivation. The role and the key components of smart farming using IoT were examined, with a focus on network technologies, including layers, protocols, topologies, network architecture, <i>etc</i>. We also delve into the integration of relevant technologies such as cloud computing, big data analytics, and the integration of IoT-based cultivation. We explored various security issues in modern IoT cultivation and also emphasized the importance of safeguarding sensitive agricultural data. Additionally, a comprehensive list of applications based on sensors and mobile devices is provided, offering refined solutions for greenhouse management. The principles and regulations established by different countries for IoT-based cultivation systems are presented, demonstrating the global recognition of these technologies. Furthermore, a selection of successful use cases and real-world scenarios and applications were presented. Finally, the open research challenges and solutions in modern IoT-based cultivation were discussed.