Task-guided attention increases non-linearity of steady-state visually evoked potentials

Abstract Objective. Attention is a multifaceted cognitive process, with nonlinear dynamics playing a crucial role. We investigated the involvement of nonlinear processes in top–down visual attention. Approach. The research paradigm employed a contrast-modulated sequence of letters and numerals, encircled by a consistently flickering white square on a black background—a setup that generated steady-state visually evoked potentials. Nonlinear processes are recognized for eliciting and modulating the harmonics of constant frequencies. Using the rhythmic entrainment source separation technique, we examined the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of each stimulus to evaluate the underlying nonlinear dynamics during stimulus processing. Main results. In line with prior research, our findings indicate that the power spectrum density of electroencephalogram responses is influenced by both task presence and stimulus contrast. We discovered that actively searching for a target within a letter stream heightened the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and harmonics related to the background flickering stimulus. While the fundamental frequency amplitude remained unaffected by the stimulus contrast, a lower contrast led to an increase in the second harmonic’s amplitude. We assessed the relationship between the contrast response function and the nonlinear-based harmonic responses. Significance. Our findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the nonlinear processes impacting top–down visual attention.